25 ．Wilkinson，The British Navy and the State in the Eighteenth Century ，pp.70，75，181，193；Rodger，The Command of the Sea ，p.371.
26 ．Wilkinson，The British Navy and the State in the Eighteenth Century ，pp.95，192，193；Rodger，The Command of the Sea ，p.369，370.
27 ．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl ，pp.148-49.
28 ．Rodger，The Command of the Ocean ，pp.334，394，396，398，399，400；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters ，p.66；Paul David Nelson，General James Grant ：Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida （Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1993），p.143；The Lost War ：Letters from British Officers Duringthe American Revolution ，ed.Marion Balderston and David Syrett（New York：Horizon Press，1975），p.14.
29 ．Daniel A．Baugh questions the view that Britain had naval supremacy in America before 1778 in “The Politics of British Naval Failure，1775-1777，”American Neptune 52（1992）：221-46.
30 ．The Annual Register ，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America ，p.340；Neil Stout，The Perfect Crisis ，p.89 says that Graves had only nineteen ships in 1774；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution ，p.12；David Syrett，“The Failure of the British Effort in America，”p.174；William B．Willcox，“Arbuthnot，Gambier and Graves：‘Old Women’ of the Navy，”in George Washington's Generals and Opponents ：Their Exploits and Leadership ，ed.George Athan Billias，2 vols.in 1（1964，1969；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1994），2：263；Baugh，“The Politics of British Naval Failure，”pp.225-26，227，229.
31 ．Baugh，“The Politics of British Naval Failure，”pp.233，234，236，240；Robert Greenhalgh Albion，Forests and Sea Power ：The Timber Problem and the Royal Navy ，1652-1862（1926；repr.Annapolis，Md.：Naval Institute Press，2000），pp.300-301.
32 ．David L．Preston，“The Royal Navy Lost the Revolution，”Naval History 10，no.1（January/February 1996）：13.
33 ．David Syrett，“The Organization of British Trade Convoys During the American War 1775-1783，”Mariner's Mirror 62（1976）：170，171，178；The Annual Register ，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America ，p.522.
34 ．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl ，pp.232，271，273；Piers Mackesy，The War for America 1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，1993），pp.192，193，194；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution ，p.199.
35 ．Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters ，p.3.
36 ．Sandwich sent two slightly different versions to North dated December 7 and 8，1777.“A Paper sent to Lord North on 8 December relative to the American war and urging more efforts to be made at home，”The Private Papers of John ，Earl of Sandwich ，First Lord of the Admiralty 1771-1782，ed.G.R.Barnes and J．H.Owen，4 vols.（London：Navy Records Society，1932-38），1：327-35.
37 ．Willcox，“Arbuthnot，Gambier and Graves，”p.285.
38 ．Simms，Three Victories and a Defeat ，pp.574，629.
39 ．Mackesy，The War for America ，pp.155，182，251；Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution . p．256；Gerald S．Brown，“The Anglo-French Naval Crisis：A Study of Conflict in the North zhaiyuedu.com，”William and Mary Quarterly ，3d ser.，13，no.1（January 1956）：19.
40 ．Stephen Conway，The War of American Independence 1775-1783 （London：Edward Arnold，1995），pp.223-24；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution ，p.128.
41 ．Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher ，p.126；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters ，p.24；Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution ，p.246；J.H.Broomfield，“The Keppel-Palliser Affair 1778-1779，”Mariner's Mirror 47，no.3（August 1961）：197.
42 ．Keppel to Sandwich，June 21，1778，Barnes and Owen，Sandwich Papers ，2：98；Albion，Forests and Sea Power ，pp.295，296.
43 ．Broomfield，“The Keppel-Palliser Affair，”pp.196-97；George Ⅲ to North，February 13，1779，The Correspondence of King George the Third from 1760 to December 1783, ed.Sir John Fortescue，6 vols.（London：Macmillan，1927-28），4：277-78.
44 ．Broomfield，“The Keppel-Palliser Affair，”pp.200-202: The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George Ⅲ，ed.A.F.Steuart，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），2：222.
45 ．Troy Bickham，Making Headlines ：The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press （DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），p.131.
46 ．Broomfield，“The Keppel-Palliser Affair，”p.203；Bickham，Making Headlines ，p.131.
47 ．Bickham，Making Headlines ，p.131；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，pp.247-48；Broomfield，“The Keppel-Palliser Affair，”p.204-05.
48 ．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，pp.247-48；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher ，pp.158-59；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters ，pp.55-57；Levy，Love and Madness ，pp.1-2.
49 ．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，p.256；Mary Kinnear，“Pro-Americans in the British House of Commons in the 1770s”（Ph.D.diss.，University of Oregon，1973），p.262.
50 ．Levy，Love and Madness ，pp.29，30；Brewer，A Sentimental Murder ，pp.23，215；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher ，pp.87-88.
51 ．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：226；J.H.Broomfield，“Lord Sandwich at the Admiralty Board；Politics and the British Navy，1771-1778，Mariner's Mirror 51，no.1（February 1965）：14；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters ，p.57；Wilkinson，The British Navy and the State in the Eighteenth Century ，p.203；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher ，pp.181，182-83.
52 ．“Memorandum.Paper Read in the zhaiyuedu.com by Lord Sandwich，Delivered to the King and Communicated to Lord North-Sept 14，1779，”Barnes and Owen，Sandwich Papers ，3：170-71；Howard H．Peckham，“Marquis de Lafayette：Eager Warrior，”in Billias，George Washington's Generals and Opponents ，1：224.
53 ．Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters ，pp.68-71.
54 ．“Memorandum.Paper Read in the zhaiyuedu.com by Lord Sandwich，Delivered to the King and Communicated to Lord North-Sept 14，1779，”Barnes and Owen，Sandwich Papers ，3：167；Arbuthnot to Sandwich，September 19，1779，ibid.，3：134；Mackesy，The War for America ，p.278；Jonathan R．Dull，The French Navy and American Independence ：A Study of Arms and Diplomacy ，1774-1787（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），pp.160，162.
55 ．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl ，p.253；K.R.Perry，British Politics and the American Revolution （London：Palgrave Macmillan，1990），p.89；Mackesy，The War for America ，p.341；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution ，p.231；Kenneth Breen，“Graves and Hood at the Chesapeake，”The Mariner's Mirror ，56（1980），p.55.
56 ．North to Sandwich，April 30，1778，Barnes and Owen，Sandwich Papers ，2：39；Willcox，“Arbuthnot，Gambier and Graves，”pp.265-66.
57 ．Ira D．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution （Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1972），p.86；Willcox，“Arbuthnot，Gambier and Graves，”pp.268，269，270.
58 ．William B．Willcox，Portrait of a General ：Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence （New York：Knopf，1964），p.355；Leland J．Bellot，William Knox ：The Life and Thought of an Eighteenth-Century Imperialist （Austin：University of Texas Press，1977），pp.150，162.
59 ．Conway，The War of American Independence ，p.157；Stephen Conway，“British Governments and the Conduct of the American War，”in Britain and the American Revolution ，ed.H.T.Dickinson（London：Addison Wesley Longman，1979），p.167.
60 ．David Syrett，Shipping and the American War 1775-83：A Study of British Transport Organisation （London：Athlone Press，1970），pp.89，161；Norman Baker，Government and Contractors ：The British Treasury and War Supplies 1775-1783（London：Athlone Press，1971），p.91；“Memorandum.Paper Read in the zhaiyuedu.com by Lord Sandwich，Delivered to the King and Communicated to Lord North-Sept 14，1779，”Barnes and Owen，Sandwich Papers ，3：165，171.
61 ．George Ⅲ to Sandwich，September 13，1779，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third ，4：432-34.
62 ．I.R.Christie，Myth and Reality in Late-Eighteenth-Century British Politics and Other Papers （London：Macmillan，1970），p.83；British Library，Add.MSS 70990，ff.32，14，September 1779，in Rodger，The Command of the Ocean ，p.340；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl ，p.219；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher ，p.210.
63 ．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，2：309；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：261.
64 ．Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher ，p.231；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters ，p.136.
65 ．Broomfield，“Lord Sandwich at the Admiralty Board，”pp.7-17；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters ，p.51；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher ，p.235；Mackesy，The War for America ，pp.10，19；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：403，404；Haas，“The Pursuit of Political Success in Eighteenth-Century England：Sandwich，”pp.76-77.
66 ．Broomfield，“Lord Sandwich at the Admiralty Board，”pp.8，9；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：268；Ian R．Christie，The End of North's Ministry ，1780-1782（London：Macmillan，1958），p.62.
67 ．Jeremy Black，War for America ：The Fight for Independence 1775-1783（New York：St.Martin's Press，1994），p.204.
68 ．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl ，p.292.
69 ．Tracy，Navies ，Deterrence ，and American Independence ，p.14；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher ，p.258.
70 ．Christie，The End of North's Ministry ，pp.285-86.
71 ．Ibid.，p.2；Mackesy，The War for America ，pp.451，452；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，2：381，382.
72 ．Christie，The End of North's Ministry ，pp.304-13.
73 ．Ibid.，pp.313-19；The Annual Register in Murdoch ，Rebellion in America ，p.919；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，2：391；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：271，281，2：171，182，184，186，187.
74 ．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，pp.304，328.
